Age-Related Macular Degeneration (AMD)
Age-related macular degeneration is an age-related disease of the macula, the part of the retina responsible for central vision, and a leading cause of vision loss over 50. Anti-VEGF injections are the main treatment for wet AMD; in dry AMD, supplements and regular monitoring are important.
What is macular degeneration?
The macula is the centre of the retina, responsible for sharp and colour vision. In age-related macular degeneration this area is damaged with age, and deposits called drusen build up beneath it. AMD is a leading cause of vision loss in people over 50.
Dry and wet AMD
- Dry AMD: affects most patients and progresses slowly over years. Its advanced stage is called geographic atrophy.
- Wet AMD: affects about 10–15%. Abnormal blood vessels grow under the macula and leak or bleed. Although less common, it accounts for most cases of severe vision loss.
Symptoms and risk factors
- Difficulty reading, blurred vision
- Straight lines looking bent or wavy
- A blurred or dark patch in the centre of vision
If these symptoms are new or getting worse, see an eye doctor without delay. The main risk factors are older age, smoking and a family history.
Treatment and monitoring
Wet AMD: the main treatment is anti-VEGF injections into the eye. They protect vision and can improve it in many patients. Depending on the findings, the interval between injections can be extended (treat-and-extend); longer-acting drugs can reduce how often injections are needed. Laser and photodynamic therapy are now rarely used.
Dry AMD: at the intermediate and advanced stages, special vitamin and mineral supplements (AREDS2) may slow progression. In some countries, newer injection treatments are approved for geographic atrophy.
Checking each eye separately at home with an Amsler grid, together with regular examinations, helps detect changes early.
Frequently asked questions
What is the difference between dry and wet AMD?
Dry AMD is more common and progresses slowly; wet AMD is less common but causes most severe vision loss.
Do injections restore vision?
In wet AMD they protect vision and can improve it in many patients; results vary from person to person.
What is an Amsler grid?
A simple grid used at home to test each eye separately and spot wavy lines or gaps.
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This page is for general information only and does not replace a medical consultation. Anatomy and treatment plans differ from patient to patient.